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Northwest Kidney Centers is a regional, not-for-profit community-based provider of kidney dialysis, public health education, and research into the causes and treatments of chronic kidney disease. Established in Seattle in 1962, it was the world's first out-of-hospital dialysis provider.〔http://www.seattlefoundation.org/npos/Pages/NorthwestKidneyCenters.aspx Seattle Foundation: Northwest Kidney Centers. Accessed March 27, 2015.〕 It offers dialysis throughout the greater Seattle area in 15 free-standing clinics, nine hospitals and its home dialysis program. Nearly 80 percent of people on dialysis in King County go to Northwest Kidney Centers for their treatment.〔 Twice as many people are on home dialysis under Northwest Kidney Centers’ supervision than the national average among all dialysis organizations. Northwest Kidney Centers’ model of providing dialysis outside of a hospital setting has spread throughout the world. According to a United States Renal Data System’s 2013 report, there are 6,009 outpatient dialysis clinic in the United States.〔http://www.usrds.org/2013/pdf/v2_ch10_13.pdf United States Renal Data System. Accessed April 24, 2015.〕 Compared to national averages, Northwest Kidney Centers patients live longer,〔http://www.nwkidney.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2012-Annual-Report.pdf Northwest Kidney Centers. 2012 Annual Report.〕 have fewer complications,〔 spend less time in the hospital〔http://www.nwkidney.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Community-Connection_Winter-2013_FINAL.pdf Northwest Kidney Centers. Winter 2013 Community Connection newsletter.〕 and receive more kidney transplants.〔 ==History== Early Years In 1960, kidney failure was fatal. This changed when Dr. Belding H. Scribner of the University of Washington developed the Scribner shunt, a blood access device which made long-term dialysis possible for the first time. ::''For more details on this topic, see Scribner shunt.'' Dr. Scribner turned to the King County Medical Society president, James W. Haviland, for sponsorship of a community-supported outpatient dialysis center.〔http://www.rsnhope.org/programs/kidneytimes-library/article-index/from-rome-to-seattle-a-short-history-of-dialysis/ Renal Support Network. From Rome to Seattle: A Short History of Dialysis. Accessed May 1, 2015.〕 Dr. Haviland marshaled support, drawing on his association with the University of Washington and his "clinical sense, wisdom, political acumen and knowledge" of the Seattle community to ensure that the new center operated on a not-for-profit basis.〔http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004032252_havilandobit24m.html The Seattle Times. Obituary of James Haviland.〕 In 1962, Haviland and Scribner launched the Seattle Artificial Kidney Center, which changed its name to Northwest Kidney Center in 1970 when its services spread beyond Seattle. The name changed again, to Northwest Kidney Centers, in 1992 when there were multiple locations. In 1964, Time magazine reported that to treat 11 patients, the Seattle Artificial Kidney Center had a staff of two full-time physicians and one half-time physician, plus five nurses and five technicians.〔http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870896,00.html TIME magazine. An Artificial Kidney For 15 Patients.〕 During these early years of hemodialysis, funding was extremely limited, requiring rationed access to the few available dialysis machines. A committee of physicians screened potential patients first by strict medical criteria. Patients who passed the initial medical screening were then further reviewed by an anonymous lay committee which decided who would get treatment. In 1962, Life magazine published an article on the Seattle dialysis screening committee, which it dubbed the “Life or Death Committee.”〔Alexander S. Life Magazine. They decide who lives, who dies: Medical miracle and a moral burden of a small committee. 9 November 1962:102–25.〕 The discussion the article generated led to the development of biomedical ethics as a field of professional study.〔http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2009/11/30/the-seattle-god-committee-a-cautionary-tale/ Health Affairs Blog. The Seattle ‘God Committee': A Cautionary Tale. Nov. 30, 2009.〕 In 1964, Dr. Belding H. Scribner's presidential address to the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs discussed the problems of patient selection, termination of treatment, patient suicide, death with dignity, and selection for transplantation. Growth By 1964, Seattle Artificial Kidney Center had expanded to 10 stations serving 47 patients—growth that led to financial strain. In response, Dr. Scribner and his team developed home hemodialysis, training patients to treat themselves from home, reducing operational costs.〔http://www.nwkidney.org/about-us/our-history/ Northwest Kidney Centers. Our History. Accessed April 24, 2015.〕 In 1972, the U.S. Congress passed legislation authorizing the end-stage renal disease program of Medicare.〔http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070721144509/http://www.medpac.gov/publications/other_reports/Sept06_MedPAC_Payment_Basics_dialysis.pdf. Medpac. Outpatient Dialysis Services Payment System. Revised September 2006.〕 Section 299I of Public Law 92-603, on October 30, 1972, extended Medicare coverage to over 90 percent of Americans if they had permanent kidney failure and therefore required dialysis or kidney transplantation to live.〔https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/End-Stage-Renal-Disease/ESRDNetworkOrganizations/Downloads/ESRDNWBackgrounder-Jun12.pdf Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Fact Sheet: Medicare End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Network Organization Program. June 18, 2012.〕 This funding led to wider availability of dialysis nationally and spurred the growth of Northwest Kidney Center. In 1978, Northwest Kidney Center began offering peritoneal dialysis in addition to its hemodialysis services: first, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and later automated peritoneal dialysis (APD).〔 Together with the Puget Sound Blood Center and the University of Washington Department of Orthopedics, Northwest Kidney Center jointly founded the Northwest Tissue Center in 1988.〔 Housed at the blood center, the tissue center provided human bone, tendons, skin and other tissues for transplantation. Present Work As a nonprofit supported by financial donors, Northwest Kidney Centers is able to provide supplementary services in addition to kidney dialysis. These include special care for the most fragile patients, free health education for people at every stage of kidney disease, patient access to dental care, staff scholarships, fellowships for doctors doing advanced kidney study, and funding for research. Northwest Kidney Centers’ full-service outpatient renal-specialty pharmacy, one of the first in the nation,〔http://www.nraa.org/index.php/breaking-news-a-hot-topics/195-northwest-kidney-centers-celebrates-50th-anniversary National Renal Administrators Association. Northwest Kidney Centers celebrates 50th anniversary. Jan. 30, 2012.〕 serves people with advancing chronic kidney disease, on dialysis, or living with a kidney transplant. In 2008, Northwest Kidney Centers collaborated with UW Medicine in the creation of the (Kidney Research Institute ). Funding from Northwest Kidney Centers helps equip and maintain laboratories and pay for preliminary investigations that pave the way for larger research grants. Northwest Kidney Centers donates clinical research space in its facilities where Kidney Research Institute investigators meet with patients.〔http://www.nwkidney.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/KRI_OnTheHorizon_Winter2012.pdf Kidney Research Institute. On the Horizon: winter 2012 newsletter.〕 In 2013, Northwest Kidney Centers opened its 15th center, in the southeast King County city of Enumclaw.〔http://www.nwkidney.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/NKC-AR-pages.pdf Northwest Kidney Centers. 2014 Annual Report.〕 In 2014, Nephrology News & Issues magazine named Northwest Kidney Centers as the 10th largest dialysis provider in the United States.〔http://www.nephrologynews.com/articles/110332-a-look-back-and-getting-positioned-for-the-future Nephrology News & Issues. A look back, and getting positioned for the future. July 16, 2014.〕 Museum On November 10, 2012, during its 50th anniversary year, Northwest Kidney Centers opened a museum and gallery dedicated to the history of the organization and of dialysis treatment. Located in Seattle, the museum showcases photos, artifacts, dialysis machines and equipment.〔http://www.renalbusiness.com/news/2012/11/northwest-kidney-centers-opens-dialysis-museum-to-commemorate-50th-anniversary.aspx Renal Business Today. Northwest Kidney Centers Opens Dialysis Museum to Commemorate 50th Anniversary. Nov. 9, 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northwest Kidney Centers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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